1 <?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
6 This file is part of systemd.
8 Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
10 systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
11 under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
12 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
13 (at your option) any later version.
15 systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
16 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
17 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
18 Lesser General Public License for more details.
20 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
21 along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
24 <refentry id="systemctl"
25 xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
28 <title>systemctl</title>
29 <productname>systemd</productname>
33 <contrib>Developer</contrib>
34 <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
35 <surname>Poettering</surname>
36 <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
42 <refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle>
43 <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
47 <refname>systemctl</refname>
48 <refpurpose>Control the systemd system and service manager</refpurpose>
53 <command>systemctl</command>
54 <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
55 <arg choice="plain">COMMAND</arg>
56 <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg>
61 <title>Description</title>
63 <para><command>systemctl</command> may be used to introspect and
64 control the state of the <literal>systemd</literal> system and
65 service manager. Please refer to
66 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
67 for an introduction into the basic concepts and functionality this
72 <title>Options</title>
74 <para>The following options are understood:</para>
78 <term><option>-t</option></term>
79 <term><option>--type=</option></term>
82 <para>The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit
83 types such as <option>service</option> and
84 <option>socket</option>.
87 <para>If one of the arguments is a unit type, when listing
88 units, limit display to certain unit types. Otherwise, units
89 of all types will be shown.</para>
91 <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is
92 <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values will be
93 printed and the program will exit.</para>
98 <term><option>--state=</option></term>
101 <para>The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit
102 LOAD, SUB, or ACTIVE states. When listing units, show only
103 those in specified states. Use <option>--state=failed</option>
104 to show only failed units.</para>
109 <term><option>-p</option></term>
110 <term><option>--property=</option></term>
113 <para>When showing unit/job/manager properties with the
114 <command>show</command> command, limit display to certain
115 properties as specified as argument. If not specified, all
116 set properties are shown. The argument should be a
117 comma-separated list of property names, such as
118 <literal>MainPID</literal>. If specified more than once, all
119 properties with the specified names are shown.</para>
124 <term><option>-a</option></term>
125 <term><option>--all</option></term>
128 <para>When listing units, show all loaded units, regardless
129 of their state, including inactive units. When showing
130 unit/job/manager properties, show all properties regardless
131 whether they are set or not.</para>
132 <para>To list all units installed on the system, use the
133 <command>list-unit-files</command> command instead.</para>
138 <term><option>-r</option></term>
139 <term><option>--recursive</option></term>
142 <para>When listing units, also show units of local
143 containers. Units of local containers will be prefixed with
144 the container name, separated by a single colon character
145 (<literal>:</literal>).</para>
150 <term><option>--reverse</option></term>
153 <para>Show reverse dependencies between units with
154 <command>list-dependencies</command>, i.e. follow
155 dependencies of type <varname>WantedBy=</varname>,
156 <varname>RequiredBy=</varname>,
157 <varname>RequiredByOverrridable=</varname>,
158 <varname>PartOf=</varname>, <varname>BoundBy=</varname>,
159 instead of <varname>Wants=</varname> and similar.
165 <term><option>--after</option></term>
168 <para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the
169 units that are ordered before the specified unit. In other
170 words, recursively list units following the
171 <varname>After=</varname> dependency.</para>
173 <para>Note that any <varname>After=</varname> dependency is
174 automatically mirrored to create a
175 <varname>Before=</varname> dependency. Temporal dependencies
176 may be specified explictly, but are also created implicitly
177 for units which are <varname>WantedBy=</varname> targets
179 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
180 and as a result of other directives (for example
181 <varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname>). Both explicitly
182 and implicitly introduced dependencies are shown with
183 <command>list-dependencies</command>.</para>
188 <term><option>--before</option></term>
191 <para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the
192 units that are ordered after the specified unit. In other
193 words, recursively list units following the
194 <varname>Before=</varname> dependency.</para>
199 <term><option>-l</option></term>
200 <term><option>--full</option></term>
203 <para>Do not ellipsize unit names, process tree entries,
204 journal output, or truncate unit descriptions in the output
205 of <command>status</command>, <command>list-units</command>,
206 <command>list-jobs</command>, and
207 <command>list-timers</command>.</para>
212 <term><option>--show-types</option></term>
215 <para>When showing sockets, show the type of the socket.</para>
220 <term><option>--job-mode=</option></term>
223 <para>When queuing a new job, this option controls how to deal with
224 already queued jobs. It takes one of <literal>fail</literal>,
225 <literal>replace</literal>,
226 <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal>,
227 <literal>isolate</literal>,
228 <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>,
229 <literal>ignore-requirements</literal> or
230 <literal>flush</literal>. Defaults to
231 <literal>replace</literal>, except when the
232 <command>isolate</command> command is used which implies the
233 <literal>isolate</literal> job mode.</para>
235 <para>If <literal>fail</literal> is specified and a requested
236 operation conflicts with a pending job (more specifically:
237 causes an already pending start job to be reversed into a stop
238 job or vice versa), cause the operation to fail.</para>
240 <para>If <literal>replace</literal> (the default) is
241 specified, any conflicting pending job will be replaced, as
244 <para>If <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal> is specified,
245 operate like <literal>replace</literal>, but also mark the new
246 jobs as irreversible. This prevents future conflicting
247 transactions from replacing these jobs (or even being enqueued
248 while the irreversible jobs are still pending). Irreversible
249 jobs can still be cancelled using the <command>cancel</command>
252 <para><literal>isolate</literal> is only valid for start
253 operations and causes all other units to be stopped when the
254 specified unit is started. This mode is always used when the
255 <command>isolate</command> command is used.</para>
257 <para><literal>flush</literal> will cause all queued jobs to
258 be canceled when the new job is enqueued.</para>
260 <para>If <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal> is specified,
261 then all unit dependencies are ignored for this new job and
262 the operation is executed immediately. If passed, no required
263 units of the unit passed will be pulled in, and no ordering
264 dependencies will be honored. This is mostly a debugging and
265 rescue tool for the administrator and should not be used by
268 <para><literal>ignore-requirements</literal> is similar to
269 <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>, but only causes the
270 requirement dependencies to be ignored, the ordering
271 dependencies will still be honoured.</para>
277 <term><option>-i</option></term>
278 <term><option>--ignore-inhibitors</option></term>
281 <para>When system shutdown or a sleep state is requested,
282 ignore inhibitor locks. Applications can establish inhibitor
283 locks to avoid that certain important operations (such as CD
284 burning or suchlike) are interrupted by system shutdown or a
285 sleep state. Any user may take these locks and privileged
286 users may override these locks. If any locks are taken,
287 shutdown and sleep state requests will normally fail
288 (regardless of whether privileged or not) and a list of active locks
289 is printed. However, if <option>--ignore-inhibitors</option>
290 is specified, the locks are ignored and not printed, and the
291 operation attempted anyway, possibly requiring additional
297 <term><option>-q</option></term>
298 <term><option>--quiet</option></term>
301 <para>Suppress output to standard output in
302 <command>snapshot</command>,
303 <command>is-active</command>,
304 <command>is-failed</command>,
305 <command>is-enabled</command>,
306 <command>is-system-running</command>,
307 <command>enable</command> and
308 <command>disable</command>.</para>
313 <term><option>--no-block</option></term>
316 <para>Do not synchronously wait for the requested operation
317 to finish. If this is not specified, the job will be
318 verified, enqueued and <command>systemctl</command> will
319 wait until it is completed. By passing this argument, it is
320 only verified and enqueued.</para>
325 <term><option>--no-legend</option></term>
328 <para>Do not print the legend, i.e. the column headers and
329 the footer with hints.</para>
333 <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="user" />
334 <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="system" />
336 <!-- we do not document -failed here, as it has been made
337 redundant by -state=failed, which it predates. To keep
338 things simple we only document the new switch, while
339 keeping the old one around for compatibility only. -->
342 <term><option>--no-wall</option></term>
345 <para>Do not send wall message before halt, power-off,
351 <term><option>--global</option></term>
354 <para>When used with <command>enable</command> and
355 <command>disable</command>, operate on the global user
356 configuration directory, thus enabling or disabling a unit
357 file globally for all future logins of all users.</para>
362 <term><option>--no-reload</option></term>
365 <para>When used with <command>enable</command> and
366 <command>disable</command>, do not implicitly reload daemon
367 configuration after executing the changes.</para>
372 <term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term>
375 <para>When used with <command>start</command> and related
376 commands, disables asking for passwords. Background services
377 may require input of a password or passphrase string, for
378 example to unlock system hard disks or cryptographic
379 certificates. Unless this option is specified and the
380 command is invoked from a terminal,
381 <command>systemctl</command> will query the user on the
382 terminal for the necessary secrets. Use this option to
383 switch this behavior off. In this case, the password must be
384 supplied by some other means (for example graphical password
385 agents) or the service might fail. This also disables
386 querying the user for authentication for privileged
393 <term><option>--kill-who=</option></term>
396 <para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose which
397 processes to send a signal to. Must be one of
398 <option>main</option>, <option>control</option> or
399 <option>all</option> to select whether to kill only the main
400 process, the control process or all processes of the
401 unit. The main process of the unit is the one that defines
402 the life-time of it. A control process of a unit is one that
403 is invoked by the manager to induce state changes of it. For
404 example, all processes started due to the
405 <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
406 <varname>ExecStop=</varname> or
407 <varname>ExecReload=</varname> settings of service units are
408 control processes. Note that there is only one control
409 process per unit at a time, as only one state change is
410 executed at a time. For services of type
411 <varname>Type=forking</varname>, the initial process started
412 by the manager for <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is a
413 control process, while the process ultimately forked off by
414 that one is then considered the main process of the unit (if
415 it can be determined). This is different for service units
416 of other types, where the process forked off by the manager
417 for <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is always the main process
418 itself. A service unit consists of zero or one main process,
419 zero or one control process plus any number of additional
420 processes. Not all unit types manage processes of these
421 types however. For example, for mount units, control processes
422 are defined (which are the invocations of
423 <filename>/usr/bin/mount</filename> and
424 <filename>/usr/bin/umount</filename>), but no main process
425 is defined. If omitted, defaults to
426 <option>all</option>.</para>
432 <term><option>-s</option></term>
433 <term><option>--signal=</option></term>
436 <para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose which
437 signal to send to selected processes. Must be one of the
438 well known signal specifiers such as <constant>SIGTERM</constant>, <constant>SIGINT</constant> or
439 <constant>SIGSTOP</constant>. If omitted, defaults to
440 <option>SIGTERM</option>.</para>
445 <term><option>-f</option></term>
446 <term><option>--force</option></term>
449 <para>When used with <command>enable</command>, overwrite
450 any existing conflicting symlinks.</para>
452 <para>When used with <command>halt</command>,
453 <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command> or
454 <command>kexec</command>, execute the selected operation
455 without shutting down all units. However, all processes will
456 be killed forcibly and all file systems are unmounted or
457 remounted read-only. This is hence a drastic but relatively
458 safe option to request an immediate reboot. If
459 <option>--force</option> is specified twice for these
460 operations, they will be executed immediately without
461 terminating any processes or unmounting any file
462 systems. Warning: specifying <option>--force</option> twice
463 with any of these operations might result in data
469 <term><option>--root=</option></term>
473 <command>enable</command>/<command>disable</command>/<command>is-enabled</command>
474 (and related commands), use alternative root path when
475 looking for unit files.</para>
481 <term><option>--runtime</option></term>
484 <para>When used with <command>enable</command>,
485 <command>disable</command>,
486 (and related commands), make changes only temporarily, so
487 that they are lost on the next reboot. This will have the
488 effect that changes are not made in subdirectories of
489 <filename>/etc</filename> but in <filename>/run</filename>,
490 with identical immediate effects, however, since the latter
491 is lost on reboot, the changes are lost too.</para>
493 <para>Similarly, when used with
494 <command>set-property</command>, make changes only
495 temporarily, so that they are lost on the next
501 <term><option>--preset-mode=</option></term>
504 <para>Takes one of <literal>full</literal> (the default),
505 <literal>enable-only</literal>,
506 <literal>disable-only</literal>. When used with the
507 <command>preset</command> or <command>preset-all</command>
508 commands, controls whether units shall be disabled and
509 enabled according to the preset rules, or only enabled, or
510 only disabled.</para>
515 <term><option>-n</option></term>
516 <term><option>--lines=</option></term>
519 <para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the
520 number of journal lines to show, counting from the most
521 recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument. Defaults to
527 <term><option>-o</option></term>
528 <term><option>--output=</option></term>
531 <para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the
532 formatting of the journal entries that are shown. For the
533 available choices, see
534 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
535 Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para>
540 <term><option>--plain</option></term>
543 <para>When used with <command>list-dependencies</command>,
544 the output is printed as a list instead of a tree.</para>
548 <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
549 <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
551 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
552 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
553 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
558 <title>Commands</title>
560 <para>The following commands are understood:</para>
563 <title>Unit Commands</title>
567 <term><command>list-units <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</optional></command></term>
570 <para>List known units (subject to limitations specified
571 with <option>-t</option>). If one or more
572 <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
573 units matching one of them are shown.</para>
575 <para>This is the default command.</para>
580 <term><command>list-sockets <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</optional></command></term>
583 <para>List socket units ordered by listening address.
584 If one or more <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are
585 specified, only socket units matching one of them are
586 shown. Produces output similar to
588 LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES
589 /dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
591 [::]:22 sshd.socket sshd.service
592 kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
594 5 sockets listed.</programlisting>
595 Note: because the addresses might contains spaces, this output
596 is not suitable for programmatic consumption.
599 <para>See also the options <option>--show-types</option>,
600 <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
605 <term><command>list-timers <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</optional></command></term>
608 <para>List timer units ordered by the time they elapse
609 next. If one or more <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s
610 are specified, only units matching one of them are shown.
613 <para>See also the options <option>--all</option> and
614 <option>--state=</option>.</para>
619 <term><command>start <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
622 <para>Start (activate) one or more units specified on the
625 <para>Note that glob patterns operate on a list of currently
626 loaded units. Units which are not active and are not in a
627 failed state usually are not loaded, and would not be
628 matched by any pattern. In addition, in case of
629 instantiated units, systemd is often unaware of the
630 instance name until the instance has been started. Therefore,
631 using glob patterns with <command>start</command>
632 has limited usefulness.</para>
636 <term><command>stop <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
639 <para>Stop (deactivate) one or more units specified on the
644 <term><command>reload <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
647 <para>Asks all units listed on the command line to reload
648 their configuration. Note that this will reload the
649 service-specific configuration, not the unit configuration
650 file of systemd. If you want systemd to reload the
651 configuration file of a unit, use the
652 <command>daemon-reload</command> command. In other words:
653 for the example case of Apache, this will reload Apache's
654 <filename>httpd.conf</filename> in the web server, not the
655 <filename>apache.service</filename> systemd unit
658 <para>This command should not be confused with the
659 <command>daemon-reload</command> command.</para>
664 <term><command>restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
667 <para>Restart one or more units specified on the command
668 line. If the units are not running yet, they will be
673 <term><command>try-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
676 <para>Restart one or more units specified on the command
677 line if the units are running. This does nothing if units are not
678 running. Note that, for compatibility with Red Hat init
679 scripts, <command>condrestart</command> is equivalent to this
684 <term><command>reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
687 <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not,
688 restart them instead. If the units are not running yet, they
689 will be started.</para>
693 <term><command>reload-or-try-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
696 <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not,
697 restart them instead. This does nothing if the units are not
698 running. Note that, for compatibility with SysV init scripts,
699 <command>force-reload</command> is equivalent to this
704 <term><command>isolate <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command></term>
707 <para>Start the unit specified on the command line and its
708 dependencies and stop all others.</para>
710 <para>This is similar to changing the runlevel in a
711 traditional init system. The <command>isolate</command>
712 command will immediately stop processes that are not enabled
713 in the new unit, possibly including the graphical
714 environment or terminal you are currently using.</para>
716 <para>Note that this is allowed only on units where
717 <option>AllowIsolate=</option> is enabled. See
718 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
723 <term><command>kill <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
726 <para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
727 unit. Use <option>--kill-who=</option> to select which
728 process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select
729 the signal to send.</para>
733 <term><command>is-active <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
736 <para>Check whether any of the specified units are active
737 (i.e. running). Returns an exit code
738 <constant>0</constant> if at least one is active, or
739 non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
740 specified, this will also print the current unit state to
741 standard output.</para>
745 <term><command>is-failed <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
748 <para>Check whether any of the specified units are in a
749 "failed" state. Returns an exit code
750 <constant>0</constant> if at least one has failed,
751 non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
752 specified, this will also print the current unit state to
753 standard output.</para>
757 <term><command>status</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>...]</optional></term>
760 <para>Show terse runtime status information about one or
761 more units, followed by most recent log data from the
762 journal. If no units are specified, show system status. If
763 combined with <option>--all</option>, also show the status of
764 all units (subject to limitations specified with
765 <option>-t</option>). If a PID is passed, show information
766 about the unit the process belongs to.</para>
768 <para>This function is intended to generate human-readable
769 output. If you are looking for computer-parsable output,
770 use <command>show</command> instead. By default this
771 function only shows 10 lines of output and ellipsizes
772 lines to fit in the terminal window. This can be changes
773 with <option>--lines</option> and <option>--full</option>,
774 see above. In addition, <command>journalctl
775 --unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> or
777 --user-unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> use
778 a similar filter for messages and might be more
784 <term><command>show</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...|<replaceable>JOB</replaceable>...</optional></term>
787 <para>Show properties of one or more units, jobs, or the
788 manager itself. If no argument is specified, properties of
789 the manager will be shown. If a unit name is specified,
790 properties of the unit is shown, and if a job id is
791 specified, properties of the job is shown. By default, empty
792 properties are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to
793 show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
794 <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be
795 used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use
796 <command>status</command> if you are looking for formatted
797 human-readable output.</para>
801 <term><command>cat <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
804 <para>Show backing files of one or more units. Prints the
805 "fragment" and "drop-ins" (source files) of units. Each
806 file is preceded by a comment which includes the file
811 <term><command>set-property <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>ASSIGNMENT</replaceable>...</command></term>
814 <para>Set the specified unit properties at runtime where
815 this is supported. This allows changing configuration
816 parameter properties such as resource control settings at
817 runtime. Not all properties may be changed at runtime, but
818 many resource control settings (primarily those in
819 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
820 may. The changes are applied instantly, and stored on disk
821 for future boots, unless <option>--runtime</option> is
822 passed, in which case the settings only apply until the
823 next reboot. The syntax of the property assignment follows
824 closely the syntax of assignments in unit files.</para>
826 <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUShares=777</command></para>
828 <para>Note that this command allows changing multiple
829 properties at the same time, which is preferable over
830 setting them individually. Like unit file configuration
831 settings, assigning the empty list to list parameters will
832 reset the list.</para>
837 <term><command>help <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>...</command></term>
840 <para>Show manual pages for one or more units, if
841 available. If a PID is given, the manual pages for the unit
842 the process belongs to are shown.</para>
847 <term><command>reset-failed [<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...]</command></term>
850 <para>Reset the <literal>failed</literal> state of the
851 specified units, or if no unit name is passed, reset the state of all
852 units. When a unit fails in some way (i.e. process exiting
853 with non-zero error code, terminating abnormally or timing
854 out), it will automatically enter the
855 <literal>failed</literal> state and its exit code and status
856 is recorded for introspection by the administrator until the
857 service is restarted or reset with this command.</para>
863 <command>list-dependencies</command>
864 <optional><replaceable>NAME</replaceable></optional>
868 <para>Shows units required and wanted by the specified
869 unit. This recursively lists units following the
870 <varname>Requires=</varname>,
871 <varname>RequiresOverridable=</varname>,
872 <varname>Requisite=</varname>,
873 <varname>RequisiteOverridable=</varname>,
874 <varname>Wants=</varname>, <varname>BindsTo=</varname>
875 dependencies. If no unit is specified,
876 <filename>default.target</filename> is implied.</para>
878 <para>By default, only target units are recursively
879 expanded. When <option>--all</option> is passed, all other
880 units are recursively expanded as well.</para>
882 <para>Options <option>--reverse</option>,
883 <option>--after</option>, <option>--before</option>
884 may be used to change what types of dependencies
892 <title>Unit File Commands</title>
896 <term><command>list-unit-files <optional><replaceable>PATTERN...</replaceable></optional></command></term>
899 <para>List installed unit files. If one or more
900 <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
901 units whose filename (just the last component of the path)
902 matches one of them are shown.</para>
907 <term><command>enable <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
910 <para>Enable one or more unit files or unit file instances,
911 as specified on the command line. This will create a number
912 of symlinks as encoded in the <literal>[Install]</literal>
913 sections of the unit files. After the symlinks have been
914 created, the systemd configuration is reloaded (in a way that
915 is equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>) to ensure
916 the changes are taken into account immediately. Note that
917 this does <emphasis>not</emphasis> have the effect of also
918 starting any of the units being enabled. If this
919 is desired, a separate <command>start</command> command must
920 be invoked for the unit. Also note that in case of instance
921 enablement, symlinks named the same as instances are created in
922 the install location, however they all point to the same
923 template unit file.</para>
925 <para>This command will print the actions executed. This
926 output may be suppressed by passing <option>--quiet</option>.
929 <para>Note that this operation creates only the suggested
930 symlinks for the units. While this command is the
931 recommended way to manipulate the unit configuration
932 directory, the administrator is free to make additional
933 changes manually by placing or removing symlinks in the
934 directory. This is particularly useful to create
935 configurations that deviate from the suggested default
936 installation. In this case, the administrator must make sure
937 to invoke <command>daemon-reload</command> manually as
938 necessary to ensure the changes are taken into account.
941 <para>Enabling units should not be confused with starting
942 (activating) units, as done by the <command>start</command>
943 command. Enabling and starting units is orthogonal: units
944 may be enabled without being started and started without
945 being enabled. Enabling simply hooks the unit into various
946 suggested places (for example, so that the unit is
947 automatically started on boot or when a particular kind of
948 hardware is plugged in). Starting actually spawns the daemon
949 process (in case of service units), or binds the socket (in
950 case of socket units), and so on.</para>
952 <para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option>,
953 <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>,
954 or <option>--global</option> is specified, this enables the unit
955 for the system, for the calling user only, for only this boot of
956 the system, or for all future logins of all users, or only this
957 boot. Note that in the last case, no systemd daemon
958 configuration is reloaded.</para>
960 <para>Using <command>enable</command> on masked units
961 results in an error.</para>
966 <term><command>disable <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
969 <para>Disables one or more units. This removes all symlinks
970 to the specified unit files from the unit configuration
971 directory, and hence undoes the changes made by
972 <command>enable</command>. Note however that this removes
973 all symlinks to the unit files (i.e. including manual
974 additions), not just those actually created by
975 <command>enable</command>. This call implicitly reloads the
976 systemd daemon configuration after completing the disabling
977 of the units. Note that this command does not implicitly
978 stop the units that are being disabled. If this is desired,
979 an additional <command>stop</command> command should be
980 executed afterwards.</para>
982 <para>This command will print the actions executed. This
983 output may be suppressed by passing <option>--quiet</option>.
986 <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>,
987 <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option> and
988 <option>--global</option> in a similar way as
989 <command>enable</command>.</para>
994 <term><command>is-enabled <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
997 <para>Checks whether any of the specified unit files are
998 enabled (as with <command>enable</command>). Returns an
999 exit code of 0 if at least one is enabled, non-zero
1000 otherwise. Prints the current enable status (see table).
1001 To suppress this output, use <option>--quiet</option>.
1006 <command>is-enabled</command> output
1012 <entry>Printed string</entry>
1013 <entry>Meaning</entry>
1014 <entry>Return value</entry>
1019 <entry><literal>enabled</literal></entry>
1020 <entry morerows='1'>Enabled through a symlink in <filename>.wants</filename> directory (permanently or just in <filename>/run</filename>).</entry>
1021 <entry morerows='1'>0</entry>
1024 <entry><literal>enabled-runtime</literal></entry>
1027 <entry><literal>linked</literal></entry>
1028 <entry morerows='1'>Made available through a symlink to the unit file (permanently or just in <filename>/run</filename>).</entry>
1029 <entry morerows='1'>1</entry>
1032 <entry><literal>linked-runtime</literal></entry>
1035 <entry><literal>masked</literal></entry>
1036 <entry morerows='1'>Disabled entirely (permanently or just in <filename>/run</filename>).</entry>
1037 <entry morerows='1'>1</entry>
1040 <entry><literal>masked-runtime</literal></entry>
1043 <entry><literal>static</literal></entry>
1044 <entry>Unit file is not enabled, and has no provisions for enabling in the <literal>[Install]</literal> section.</entry>
1048 <entry><literal>indirect</literal></entry>
1049 <entry>Unit file itself is not enabled, but it has a non-empty <varname>Also=</varname> setting in the <literal>[Install]</literal> section, listing other unit files that might be enabled.</entry>
1053 <entry><literal>disabled</literal></entry>
1054 <entry>Unit file is not enabled.</entry>
1065 <term><command>reenable <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
1068 <para>Reenable one or more unit files, as specified on the
1069 command line. This is a combination of
1070 <command>disable</command> and <command>enable</command> and
1071 is useful to reset the symlinks a unit is enabled with to
1072 the defaults configured in the <literal>[Install]</literal>
1073 section of the unit file.</para>
1078 <term><command>preset <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
1081 <para>Reset one or more unit files, as specified on the
1082 command line, to the defaults configured in the preset
1083 policy files. This has the same effect as
1084 <command>disable</command> or <command>enable</command>,
1085 depending how the unit is listed in the preset files.</para>
1087 <para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control
1088 whether units shall be enabled and disabled, or only
1089 enabled, or only disabled.</para>
1091 <para>For more information on the preset policy format,
1093 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
1094 For more information on the concept of presets, please
1096 url="http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Preset">Preset</ulink>
1102 <term><command>preset-all</command></term>
1105 <para>Resets all installed unit files to the defaults
1106 configured in the preset policy file (see above).</para>
1108 <para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control
1109 whether units shall be enabled and disabled, or only
1110 enabled, or only disabled.</para>
1115 <term><command>mask <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
1118 <para>Mask one or more unit files, as specified on the
1119 command line. This will link these units to
1120 <filename>/dev/null</filename>, making it impossible to
1121 start them. This is a stronger version of
1122 <command>disable</command>, since it prohibits all kinds of
1123 activation of the unit, including enablement and manual
1124 activation. Use this option with care. This honors the
1125 <option>--runtime</option> option to only mask temporarily
1126 until the next reboot of the system.</para>
1131 <term><command>unmask <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
1134 <para>Unmask one or more unit files, as specified on the
1135 command line. This will undo the effect of
1136 <command>mask</command>.</para>
1141 <term><command>add-wants <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>
1142 <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
1143 <term><command>add-requires <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>
1144 <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
1147 <para>Adds <literal>Wants=</literal> resp. <literal>Requires=</literal>
1148 dependency to the specified <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> for
1149 one or more units. </para>
1151 <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>,
1152 <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option> and
1153 <option>--global</option> in a similar way as
1154 <command>enable</command>.</para>
1160 <term><command>link <replaceable>FILENAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
1163 <para>Link a unit file that is not in the unit file search
1164 paths into the unit file search path. This requires an
1165 absolute path to a unit file. The effect of this can be
1166 undone with <command>disable</command>. The effect of this
1167 command is that a unit file is available for
1168 <command>start</command> and other commands although it
1169 is not installed directly in the unit search path.</para>
1174 <term><command>get-default</command></term>
1177 <para>Get the default target specified
1178 via <filename>default.target</filename> link.</para>
1183 <term><command>set-default <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command></term>
1186 <para>Set the default target to boot into. Command links
1187 <filename>default.target</filename> to the given unit.</para>
1194 <title>Machine Commands</title>
1198 <term><command>list-machines <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</optional></command></term>
1201 <para>List the host and all running local containers with
1202 their state. If one or more
1203 <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
1204 containers matching one of them are shown.
1212 <title>Job Commands</title>
1216 <term><command>list-jobs <optional><replaceable>PATTERN...</replaceable></optional></command></term>
1219 <para>List jobs that are in progress. If one or more
1220 <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
1221 jobs for units matching one of them are shown.</para>
1225 <term><command>cancel <replaceable>JOB</replaceable>...</command></term>
1228 <para>Cancel one or more jobs specified on the command line
1229 by their numeric job IDs. If no job ID is specified, cancel
1230 all pending jobs.</para>
1237 <title>Snapshot Commands</title>
1241 <term><command>snapshot <optional><replaceable>NAME</replaceable></optional></command></term>
1244 <para>Create a snapshot. If a snapshot name is specified,
1245 the new snapshot will be named after it. If none is
1246 specified, an automatic snapshot name is generated. In
1247 either case, the snapshot name used is printed to standard
1248 output, unless <option>--quiet</option> is specified.
1251 <para>A snapshot refers to a saved state of the systemd
1252 manager. It is implemented itself as a unit that is
1253 generated dynamically with this command and has dependencies
1254 on all units active at the time. At a later time, the user
1255 may return to this state by using the
1256 <command>isolate</command> command on the snapshot unit.
1259 <para>Snapshots are only useful for saving and restoring
1260 which units are running or are stopped, they do not
1261 save/restore any other state. Snapshots are dynamic and lost
1266 <term><command>delete <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
1269 <para>Remove a snapshot previously created with
1270 <command>snapshot</command>.</para>
1277 <title>Environment Commands</title>
1281 <term><command>show-environment</command></term>
1284 <para>Dump the systemd manager environment block. The
1285 environment block will be dumped in straight-forward form
1286 suitable for sourcing into a shell script. This environment
1287 block will be passed to all processes the manager
1292 <term><command>set-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE=VALUE</replaceable>...</command></term>
1295 <para>Set one or more systemd manager environment variables,
1296 as specified on the command line.</para>
1300 <term><command>unset-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE</replaceable>...</command></term>
1303 <para>Unset one or more systemd manager environment
1304 variables. If only a variable name is specified, it will be
1305 removed regardless of its value. If a variable and a value
1306 are specified, the variable is only removed if it has the
1307 specified value.</para>
1311 <term><command>import-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE</replaceable>...</command></term>
1314 <para>Import all, one or more environment variables set on
1315 the client into the systemd manager environment block. If
1316 no arguments are passed, the entire environment block is
1317 imported. Otherwise, a list of one or more environment
1318 variable names should be passed, whose client-side values
1319 are then imported into the manager's environment
1327 <title>Manager Lifecycle Commands</title>
1331 <term><command>daemon-reload</command></term>
1334 <para>Reload systemd manager configuration. This will reload
1335 all unit files and recreate the entire dependency
1336 tree. While the daemon is being reloaded, all sockets systemd
1337 listens on behalf of user configuration will stay
1338 accessible.</para> <para>This command should not be confused
1339 with the <command>reload</command> command.</para>
1343 <term><command>daemon-reexec</command></term>
1346 <para>Reexecute the systemd manager. This will serialize the
1347 manager state, reexecute the process and deserialize the
1348 state again. This command is of little use except for
1349 debugging and package upgrades. Sometimes, it might be
1350 helpful as a heavy-weight <command>daemon-reload</command>.
1351 While the daemon is being reexecuted, all sockets systemd listening
1352 on behalf of user configuration will stay accessible.
1360 <title>System Commands</title>
1364 <term><command>is-system-running</command></term>
1367 <para>Checks whether the system is operational. This
1368 returns success when the system is fully up and running,
1369 meaning not in startup, shutdown or maintenance
1370 mode. Failure is returned otherwise. In addition, the
1371 current state is printed in a short string to standard
1372 output, see table below. Use <option>--quiet</option> to
1373 suppress this output.</para>
1376 <title>Manager Operational States</title>
1378 <colspec colname='name' />
1379 <colspec colname='description' />
1383 <entry>Description</entry>
1388 <entry><varname>initializing</varname></entry>
1389 <entry><para>Early bootup, before
1390 <filename>basic.target</filename> is reached
1391 or the <varname>maintenance</varname> state entered.
1395 <entry><varname>starting</varname></entry>
1396 <entry><para>Late bootup, before the job queue
1397 becomes idle for the first time, or one of the
1398 rescue targets are reached.</para></entry>
1401 <entry><varname>running</varname></entry>
1402 <entry><para>The system is fully
1403 operational.</para></entry>
1406 <entry><varname>degraded</varname></entry>
1407 <entry><para>The system is operational but one or more
1408 units failed.</para></entry>
1411 <entry><varname>maintenance</varname></entry>
1412 <entry><para>The rescue or emergency target is
1413 active.</para></entry>
1416 <entry><varname>stopping</varname></entry>
1417 <entry><para>The manager is shutting
1418 down.</para></entry>
1427 <term><command>default</command></term>
1430 <para>Enter default mode. This is mostly equivalent to
1431 <command>isolate default.target</command>.</para>
1436 <term><command>rescue</command></term>
1439 <para>Enter rescue mode. This is mostly equivalent to
1440 <command>isolate rescue.target</command>, but also prints a
1441 wall message to all users.</para>
1445 <term><command>emergency</command></term>
1448 <para>Enter emergency mode. This is mostly equivalent to
1449 <command>isolate emergency.target</command>, but also prints
1450 a wall message to all users.</para>
1454 <term><command>halt</command></term>
1457 <para>Shut down and halt the system. This is mostly equivalent to
1458 <command>start halt.target --irreversible</command>, but also
1459 prints a wall message to all users. If combined with
1460 <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is
1461 skipped, however all processes are killed and all file
1462 systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately
1463 followed by the system halt. If <option>--force</option> is
1464 specified twice, the operation is immediately executed
1465 without terminating any processes or unmounting any file
1466 systems. This may result in data loss.</para>
1470 <term><command>poweroff</command></term>
1473 <para>Shut down and power-off the system. This is mostly
1474 equivalent to <command>start poweroff.target --irreversible</command>,
1475 but also prints a wall message to all users. If combined with
1476 <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is
1477 skipped, however all processes are killed and all file
1478 systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately
1479 followed by the powering off. If <option>--force</option> is
1480 specified twice, the operation is immediately executed
1481 without terminating any processes or unmounting any file
1482 systems. This may result in data loss.</para>
1486 <term><command>reboot <optional><replaceable>arg</replaceable></optional></command></term>
1489 <para>Shut down and reboot the system. This is mostly
1490 equivalent to <command>start reboot.target --irreversible</command>,
1491 but also prints a wall message to all users. If combined with
1492 <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is
1493 skipped, however all processes are killed and all file
1494 systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately
1495 followed by the reboot. If <option>--force</option> is
1496 specified twice, the operation is immediately executed
1497 without terminating any processes or unmounting any file
1498 systems. This may result in data loss.</para>
1500 <para>If the optional argument
1501 <replaceable>arg</replaceable> is given, it will be passed
1502 as the optional argument to the
1503 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
1504 system call. The value is architecture and firmware
1505 specific. As an example, <literal>recovery</literal> might
1506 be used to trigger system recovery, and
1507 <literal>fota</literal> might be used to trigger a
1508 <quote>firmware over the air</quote> update.</para>
1512 <term><command>kexec</command></term>
1515 <para>Shut down and reboot the system via kexec. This is
1516 mostly equivalent to <command>start kexec.target --irreversible</command>,
1517 but also prints a wall message to all users. If combined
1518 with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running
1519 services is skipped, however all processes are killed and
1520 all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only,
1521 immediately followed by the reboot.</para>
1525 <term><command>exit</command></term>
1528 <para>Ask the systemd manager to quit. This is only
1529 supported for user service managers (i.e. in conjunction
1530 with the <option>--user</option> option) and will fail
1536 <term><command>suspend</command></term>
1539 <para>Suspend the system. This will trigger activation of
1540 the special <filename>suspend.target</filename> target.
1545 <term><command>hibernate</command></term>
1548 <para>Hibernate the system. This will trigger activation of
1549 the special <filename>hibernate.target</filename> target.
1554 <term><command>hybrid-sleep</command></term>
1557 <para>Hibernate and suspend the system. This will trigger
1558 activation of the special
1559 <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename> target.</para>
1563 <term><command>switch-root <replaceable>ROOT</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>INIT</replaceable></optional></command></term>
1566 <para>Switches to a different root directory and executes a
1567 new system manager process below it. This is intended for
1568 usage in initial RAM disks ("initrd"), and will transition
1569 from the initrd's system manager process (a.k.a "init"
1570 process) to the main system manager process. This call takes two
1571 arguments: the directory that is to become the new root directory, and
1572 the path to the new system manager binary below it to
1573 execute as PID 1. If the latter is omitted or the empty
1574 string, a systemd binary will automatically be searched for
1575 and used as init. If the system manager path is omitted or
1576 equal to the empty string, the state of the initrd's system
1577 manager process is passed to the main system manager, which
1578 allows later introspection of the state of the services
1579 involved in the initrd boot.</para>
1586 <title>Parameter Syntax</title>
1588 <para>Unit commands listed above take either a single unit name
1589 (designated as <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>), or multiple
1590 unit specifications (designated as
1591 <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...). In the first case, the
1592 unit name with or without a suffix must be given. If the suffix
1593 is not specified, systemctl will append a suitable suffix,
1594 <literal>.service</literal> by default, and a type-specific
1595 suffix in case of commands which operate only on specific unit
1597 <programlisting># systemctl start sshd</programlisting> and
1598 <programlisting># systemctl start sshd.service</programlisting>
1599 are equivalent, as are
1600 <programlisting># systemctl isolate snapshot-11</programlisting>
1602 <programlisting># systemctl isolate snapshot-11.snapshot</programlisting>
1603 Note that (absolute) paths to device nodes are automatically
1604 converted to device unit names, and other (absolute) paths to
1606 <programlisting># systemctl status /dev/sda
1607 # systemctl status /home</programlisting>
1609 <programlisting># systemctl status dev-sda.device
1610 # systemctl status home.mount</programlisting>
1611 In the second case, shell-style globs will be matched against
1612 currently loaded units; literal unit names, with or without
1613 a suffix, will be treated as in the first case. This means that
1614 literal unit names always refer to exactly one unit, but globs
1615 may match zero units and this is not considered an error.</para>
1617 <para>Glob patterns use
1618 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fnmatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1619 so normal shell-style globbing rules are used, and
1620 <literal>*</literal>, <literal>?</literal>,
1621 <literal>[]</literal> may be used. See
1622 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
1623 for more details. The patterns are matched against the names of
1624 currently loaded units, and patterns which do not match anything
1625 are silently skipped. For example:
1626 <programlisting># systemctl stop sshd@*.service</programlisting>
1627 will stop all <filename>sshd@.service</filename> instances.
1630 <para>For unit file commands, the specified
1631 <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> should be the full name of the
1632 unit file, or the absolute path to the unit file:
1633 <programlisting># systemctl enable foo.service</programlisting>
1635 <programlisting># systemctl link /path/to/foo.service</programlisting>
1642 <title>Exit status</title>
1644 <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure
1645 code otherwise.</para>
1648 <xi:include href="less-variables.xml" />
1651 <title>See Also</title>
1653 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1654 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemadm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1655 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1656 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>loginctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1657 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1658 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-management</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1659 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1660 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>wall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1661 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
1662 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>