+\renewcommand{\implies}{\Rightarrow}
+\renewcommand{\equiv}{\Leftrightarrow}
+\renewcommand{\nequiv}{\nLeftrightarrow}
+\renewcommand{\land}{\wedge}
+\renewcommand{\lor}{\vee}
+
+\newcommand{\pancs}{{\mathcal A}}
+\newcommand{\pends}{{\mathcal E}}
+
+\newcommand{\pancsof}[2]{\pancs ( #1 , #2 ) }
+\newcommand{\pendsof}[2]{\pends ( #1 , #2 ) }
+
+\newcommand{\merge}{{\mathcal M}}
+\newcommand{\mergeof}[4]{\merge(#1,#2,#3,#4)}
+%\newcommand{\merge}[4]{{#2 {{\frac{ #1 }{ #3 } #4}}}}
+
+\newcommand{\patch}{{\mathcal P}}
+\newcommand{\base}{{\mathcal B}}
+
+\newcommand{\patchof}[1]{\patch ( #1 ) }
+\newcommand{\baseof}[1]{\base ( #1 ) }
+
+\newcommand{\eqntag}[2]{ #2 \tag*{\mbox{#1}} }
+\newcommand{\eqn}[2]{ #2 \tag*{\mbox{\bf #1}} }
+
+%\newcommand{\bigforall}{\mathop{\hbox{\huge$\forall$}}}
+\newcommand{\bigforall}{%
+ \mathop{\mathchoice%
+ {\hbox{\huge$\forall$}}%
+ {\hbox{\Large$\forall$}}%
+ {\hbox{\normalsize$\forall$}}%
+ {\hbox{\scriptsize$\forall$}}}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\Largeexists}{\mathop{\hbox{\Large$\exists$}}}
+\newcommand{\Largenexists}{\mathop{\hbox{\Large$\nexists$}}}
+
+\newcommand{\qed}{\square}
+\newcommand{\proofstarts}{{\it Proof:}}
+\newcommand{\proof}[1]{\proofstarts #1 $\qed$}
+
+\newcommand{\gathbegin}{\begin{gather} \tag*{}}
+\newcommand{\gathnext}{\\ \tag*{}}
+
+\newcommand{\true}{t}
+\newcommand{\false}{f}
+