In later versions of this specification standard service names and interfaces for common services such as mail delivery and WWW CGI scripts will be specified.
userv
-using applications and system services which hide
userv
behind wrapper scripts may need to store information in
the user's filespace to preserve the correct placement of the security
perimiters. Such applications should usually do so in a directory
(created by them) ~/.userv/.servdata/service, where
service is the service name or application in question.
The use of a dot-directory inside ~/.userv will hopefully avoid the user becoming confused by finding parts of a semi-privileged application's internal state in their filespace, and or discourage them from fiddling with and thus corrupting it. (Note that such applications should of course not rely for their global integrity on the integrity of the data on the user's side of the security boundary.)
Currently most Unix systems have many components which need to run as root, even though most of their activity does not strictly require it. This gives rise to a large and complex body of code which must be trusted with the security of the system.
Using userv
many of these subsystems no longer need any unusual
privilege.
cron
and at
, lpr
and the system's mail transfer
agent (sendmail
, smail
, exim
or the like) all
fall into this category.
userv
-using facilities
There is a danger that people reimplementing the facilities I mention
above using userv
will discard much of the security benefit by
using a naive implementation technique. This will become clearer with
an example:
Consider the lpr
program. In current systems this needs to
have an absolutely privileged component in order to support delayed
printing without copying: when the user queues a file to be printed
the filename is stored in the print queue, rather than a copy of it,
and the printer daemon accesses the file directly when it is ready to
print the job. In order that the user can print files which are not
world-readable the daemon is given root privilege so that it can open
the file in the context of the user, rather than its own.
A simple-minded approach to converting this scheme to use userv
might involve giving the printer daemon (the lp
user) the
ability to read the file by allowing them to run cat
(or a
special-purpose file-reading program) as any user. The lpr
program would use a userv
service to store the filename in the
printer daemon's queues, and the daemon would read the file later when
it felt like it.
However, this would allow the printer daemon to read any file on the
system, whether or not someone had asked for it to be printed. Since
many files will contain passwords and other security-critical
information this is nearly as bad as giving the daemon root access in
the first place. Any security holes in the print server which allow a
user to execute commands as the lp
user will give the user the
ability to read any file on the system.
Instead, it is necessary to keep a record of which files the daemon
has been asked to print outside the control of the print daemon.
This record could be kept by a new root-privileged component, but this
is not necessary: the record of which files a user has asked to be
printed can be kept under the control of the user in question. The
submission program lpr
will make a record in an area under the
user's control before communicating with the print server, and the
print server would be given the ability to run a special file-reading
program which would only allow files to be read which were listed in
the user's file of things they'd asked to print.
Now security holes in most of the printing system do not critically affect the security of the entire system: they only allow the attacker to read and interfere with print jobs. Bugs in the programs run by the print server to read users' files (and to remove entries from the list of files when it has done with them) will still be serious, but this program can be quite simple.
Similar considerations apply to many userv
-based versions of
facilities which currently run as root.
It is debatable whether the user-controlled state should be kept in the user's filespace (in dotfiles, say) or kept in a separate area set aside for the purpose; however, using the user's home directory (and probably creating a separate subdirectory of it as a dotfile to contain many subsystems' state) has fewer implications for the rest of the system and makes it entirely clear where the security boundaries lie.
userv
is not a replacement for really
and sudo
userv
is not intended as a general-purpose system
administration tool with which system administrators can execute
privileged programs when they need to. It is unsuitable for this
purpose precisely because it enforces a strong separation between the
calling and the called program, which is undesirable in this context.
Its facilities for restricting activities to running certain programs
may at first glance seem to provide similar functionality to
sudo
[2]. However, the
separation mentioned above is a problem here too, particular for
interaction - it can be hard for a userv
service program to
interact with its real caller or the user in question.
Do not specify general purpose programs like mv
or cat
in execute-
directives without careful thought about their
arguments, and certainly not if no-suppress-args
is specified.
If you do so it will give the caller much more privilige than you
probably intend.
It is a shame that I have to say this here, but inexperienced
administrators have made similar mistakes with programs like
sudo
.