<div dir="ltr">Apologies if this seems like a very stupid question (or series of questions) but this list struck me as being the best place to ask it.<div><br></div><div>I'm doing some writing/teaching about legal aspects of money and payment systems on the internet (as a more general part of e-commerce). I'm trying to get my head around what systems of "electronic money" there are out there. Most of what I read is too sales-oriented for me to tell what is actually going on.</div><div><br></div><div>Specifically I am interested in knowing if there are any systems of open circulation "electronic money" that don't involve smart cards or similar physical tokens.</div><div><br></div><div>By "electronic money" I mean specifically money that is a liability on the issuer. I.e. there is an issuer and if you present your "copy" of the electronic money the issuer must present (or will present) you with some currency issued (say) by a sovereign state.</div><div><br></div><div>By "open circulation", I mean one that allows parties to transfer the money between them without reference to the issuer or some other central body.</div><div><br></div><div>Mondex was, as I understand it, an example of such a form of open circulation electronic money but relied on a physical token to make sure there was no double spending (forgive me if I have misunderstood this point). </div><div><br></div><div>NB: please no criticism of whether it actually achieved these goals :-).</div><div><br></div><div>Clearly cryptocurrencies openly circulate but they aren't "electronic money" (*) because they don't represent a liability on anyone.</div><div><br></div><div>Are there any examples of such things, or are all "electronic money" systems essentially reliant on smart cards or references back to an issuer?</div><div><br></div><div>Ultimately I am trying to work out whether there is anything new (from a legal perspective).</div><div><br></div><div>(*) There's a directive on "electronic money" and being a liability on the issuer is an essential (though not only) part of being electronic money. Bitcoin is not "electronic money" in that sense and so doesn't fall within all the regulatory rules of the same.</div><div><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">Francis Davey<br><br></div>
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